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PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNTIES AND TRADITIONAL HEALERS
2.1 PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH APPROACHES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION (CAPITALS)
Main Problem:
n Lack of community participation
Objectives:
n To promote community participation in research
Strategies:
n To develop and implement participatory research methodologies (PRM)
Constraints:
n Research not user friendly
n No feed back from researchers
n Lack of community involvement
n Fear of exploitation
n Lack of flexibility and compromise
n Mistrust by Traditional Medical practitioner on research
n Lack of cultural sensitivity by researchers
n Poorly trained researchers
Activities:
n Community workshops focused on research
n Preliminary and continuous consultations with communities
n Training and capacity building to empower communities
n Identification of problems and possible solutions in conjunction with community
Actors:
n Researchers
n Traditional healers
n Traditional leaders
2.2. Involvement of communities and researchers (capitals) in researching traditional and conventional/ orthodox medicine
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Main Problem:
n Communities are not given a role in the initiation of research activities (both for Traditional and Conventional medicine)
n Communities are used to legitimate research activities and research institutions to the benefit of researchers and institutions NOT for the benefit of communities
n Communities are even less involved in research activities concerning conventional medicine
n Community and individual contributions to research activities are typically not acknowledged by researchers and research institutions (there is a lack of respect)
Objectives:
n Involve the community in research and promote the respect by researchers of the communities when researching traditional and conventional medicine
n Give the communities the ability to know and understand the activities of research institutions
n Compensation for traditional knowledge
Strategies:
n Use ethical principals for community involvement in research activities
n Liaison between traditional and conventional medical personnel in research activities where there is a true equitable treatment
n Bring traditional healers into research institutions to understand and validate the processes there
n Inform traditional healers of research findings and allow them to review findings before publication
n Identify Who, How and How much compensation should take place
Obstructions:
n Ambitions of researchers and research institutions
n Attitudes of western researchers and research institutions towards Africa (Neo-colonialism)
n Lack of exposure of poor research by the media and co-researchers
n Poor oversight of research activities by research institutions and their lack of proper research protocol
n Political tensions which effect research access
n Lack of gender and cultural sensitivity by researchers
n Lack of education on the part of local communities about their rights concerning research activities
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Activities:
n Deposit of research data, findings and reports into a repository for local communities
n Creation of a national research council and national research policy concerning research activities in countries where lacking
n Research activities should be negotiated and contracted for local community involvement (local communities get a contract)
n Education of local communities on their rights and ability to be compensated (including the right to say ‘no’ to researchers)
n Create a platform for continuous interaction between traditional healers and conventional medicine
Main Actors:
n Local communities
n Traditional healers
n Western medical personnel
n Researchers
n Researchers institutions
n Government structures
n NGOs, CBOs and donors
n Industry
2.3 Validation (laboratory) of Traditional medicine/ medical preparations and practices (capitals)
REASON FOR VALIDATION: To confirm the claimed efficacy of the preparations in Traditional medical practices.
Problems:
n There is need for validation of Traditional medical practices so that this sector can get rightful place in the healthcare system
Objectives:
n To establish scientific basis for the use of traditional medicine
n To promote a wider use of traditional medicine
n Scientific: repeatable
Strategies:
n To develop acceptable methods to validate traditional medicine
n To win confidence of Traditional medical practitioners
Constraints:
n Lack of facilities suitable for validation of traditional medicines
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n Lack of protocols for ethical procedures
n Lack of legal protection of property rights
n Lack of information from the side of traditional medical practitioners on the:
n preparation methods
n collection methods
n posology/ dosages
n constraindications/ Aetiology
n mechanism of action of the preparations
n toxicity/ antidote
n Lack of collaboration among the stakeholders
Activities:
n Establish and enable anenable enviroment for exchange of information
n legal aspects
n benefits
n seminars
n workshops
n Protection of IPR
n Collection & documentation of methods for validation of traditional medical practitioners
n Development of validation methods by the Traditional healers
n lab
n physic
n clinical
n subclinical
n customary
Main Actors:
n Traditional medical practitioners
n Community/ patients
n Biomedic
n Researchers
n Governments
n Public & private organizations
n NGOs
n Funding agencies
n Students
2.4 Preparation and development of written national pharmacopea of medicinal plants through involvement of all stakeholders
DEFINITIONS:
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Pharmacopoeia: - Different types in existence i.e. including different types of information and different modes of development
2 major types can be identified:
n Analytical pharmacopoeia
n very detailed information on the phytochemical and biological properties
n developed through extensive laboratory experimentation and analysis
e.g. includes tissue-level and the “weight of burnt matter/ashes”
n Traditional pharmacopoeia
n based largely on the documentation of traditional knowledge available on both the biological characteristics as well as the uses of the plants & support of the information through additional scientific data
Main Problem:
n Lack of comprehensive/ written national; pharmacopoeia
Objectives:
n To establish a broadly accessible pharmacopoeia to assist all those concerned with medicinal plants.
Strategies:
n Starting point!: refer to the African pharmacopoeia developed under the auspices of the OAU;
n refer to other sources of relevant information: i.e. existing traditional documents
n devise a multidisciplinary approach in the gathering/ analysis of information
n national-level coordination of ongoing activities
n identification of core/ essential data required
n identification of available resources (including human, financial, technical/ infrastructural)
Constraints/ Needs:
n Achieving national level coordination: a challenging undertaking in itself! Many different actors and interest groups in existence…
n Too many species to be addressed: need for prioritization!
n Documentation technology/ expertise and facilities may be inadequate or lacking
n A large amount of information necessary
n Overall: a time consuming endeavor!
Activities:
n Establish a coordinating body/ “steering committee”
n Establish a multidisciplinary research team
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n Evaluate the OAU pharmacopoeia’s relevance/ adequacy for the country (e.g. in terms of species coverage; coverage of the major applications of the various plants)
n Identify and collect key sources of other relevant information (databases; other pharmacopoeia)
n Convene key actors involved: through a national workshop/ meeting
n to identify key areas for research
n to agree on and implement the national work plan
n to set up regional groups
Main Actors:
A. Formal sector organizations/
1. Research institutions/ Universities
2. NGOs with specific objectives; interests; activities relevant to medicinal plants
3. Community/ state herbaria
4. Government bodies/ parastatals
5. Pharmaceutical companies
6. Hospitals and clinics
B. Specialists/ community members
7. Mothers
8. Traditional healers
9. Ethnopharmacologist/ Ethnobotanists/ Medical anthropologist
10. Medical doctors; nurses
11. Public health workers/ practitioners (involved in preventive/ primary health care)
12. Botanists/ Taxonomists/ Ecologists/ Agronomist
13. Phytochemists/ Pharmocologist/ Toxicologists
14. “Documentalists”; (information technology expertise)
2.5 Biopiracy, bio-diversity prospecting & conservation in the distribution of benefits from Traditional Medicines (capitals)
Main Problems:
n Unequitable distribution and exchange of benefits from bioprospecting.
Objectives:
n Equitable terms of trade
n Biodiversity conservation
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Strategies:
n Increase awareness (consumers and communities)
n Develop negotiating capacity
n Develop benefit sharing models
n Develop multilateral agreements
n Develop incentives for biodervisty conservations
Activites:
n National, regional and local awareness campaign (government, public & private sector) economic and financial, - rights information
n Establish process for assistance - negotiation and legal
n Survey & analize benefit sharing case studies
n Review existing legislation and international obligations and implement policy reform
n Regional Pharmonisation of policy & legislation
n Green labels and standards in companies
n Pressure groups in communties
n Increase value - added production at local and international level
n Promote cultivation by local commercial growers
n Monitoring biodiversity
Constraints:
n Lack of resources - technical, financial and human
n Trade research and surveys
n Lack of political will
n Community property rights
n Fragmentation of stakeholders (inter & intra national)
Main Indicators:
n Number of sharing models adopted
n Legislation adopted
n Number of value added (national enterprises)
n Number of protocals/ agreements adopted
n Number of agronomic practices adopted
n Threatened species registered.
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